The 2,250,000 km 2 covered by KSA represent the largest part of the Arab Peninsula. Figure 1 highlights the geographical merge of the peninsula with the Syrian desert across the northern border, but the northern boundaries of Saudi Arabia and of Kuwait are generally considered as marking the limit of Arabia there.
Its West and Southwest border is the Red Sea, its southern one is the Gulf of Aden, its southern and southeastern border is the Arabian Sea, and its eastern one is the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Gulf.
The KSA, Kuwait, Bahrain, Yemen, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Oman formulate what is known as the Arabian Peninsula which is located in the Asian southwest.
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Such plants have been widely used in the form of low cost and almost zero-side-effect products pharmaceutically manufactured and marketed under such trademarks as Black seed plus ®, Fenugreek 610MG ®, Ginkago Biloba Plus TM, Kyolic ®, and Alvita ®. Scientific studies have proven that these plants, including garlic, pomegranate, black seeds, costus, miswak, henna, ginger, and fenugreek are effective for treating human diseases. Many medicinal plants that have been reportedly used in The Prophetic Medicine are currently used in folk medicine in the Arabian Peninsula. However, The Prophetic Medicine is still a major reference for all Muslims in the Arabian Peninsula and the rest of the world. Several medications have been extracted from natural resources, including plants in the nineteenth century. The Muslims did not stop at that point, but developed different schools, including the Rhazes (865–925 AD) and Avicenna (980–1037 AD), and their encyclopedias on ethnomedicine The Container Book in Medicine ( Kitab Al-Hawi Fi Al-Tibb) and The Law in Medicine ( Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb), respectively, all of which contributed to the development of herbal medicine. This period is considered as the golden age for ethnomedicine genesis. The continuous use of plants in therapy was conducted by Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him, 571–632 AD) a practice known as The Prophetic Medicine ( Al-Ṭibb al-Nabawi) by Ibn Qayyim Al-jawziyyah. Dioscorides) have a longstanding history. Medicines of the Egyptians (3000 BC pharaohs), the Greeks (400 BC Hippocrates), and the Romans (37 BC. Different plant species have been used in ethnomedicine since ancient times. Plant diversity plays a vital role in serving the ecosystems and in maintaining and preserving ecological balance and stability not only in KSA but also in the whole world as well. The most dominating families are Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Amaranthaceae, Boraginaceae, Apocynaceae, Convolvoulaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Capparaceae, Polygonaceae, and Zygophyllaceae. The present study reports 309 genera which cover 471 species from a total of 2253 known species belonging to 89 families. This review might be useful in developing strategies for the sustainable use of medicinal plants which are among the threatened important natural resources in folk medicine in the KSA. The present paper reviews a collection of medicinal plants in KSA used in ethnomedicine. The traditional use of ethnomedical plants in the KSA represents a strong interconnection among familiar remedies, health, diet, and traditional healing practices characterized by specific cultures. Consequently, there is enormous variation in the distribution of plants across the Kingdom.
The KSA is characterized by its vast area of diverse geographical landscapes and climates. However, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (henceforth abbreviated into KSA) has a wide range of flora, consisting of different species of trees, herbs, and shrubs and containing numerous edible and medicinal plants. The Arabian Peninsula is recognized as an arid area dominated by deserts and poor biodiversity.